A string is a group of characters, usually letters of the alphabet. In order to format your printout in such a way that it looks nice, has meaningful titles and names, and is aesthetically pleasing to you and the people using the output of your program, you need the ability to output text data. We have used strings extensively already, without actually defining them. A complete definition of a string is ‘a sequence of char type data terminated by a NULL character,’.
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Many simple programs that you have written up to now have undoubtedly consisted only of a main() function that performed all the necessary steps to solve that problem. Yet, you were always encouraged to break the problem down into one or more subprograms or functions. When you break a program down into a series of functions, you are doing what is called functional abstraction. This book begins with a formalization of this process of functional abstraction: its methods, techniques, benefits, and so on.
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Threads play a major role in applications programming today. For example, most Web servers are threaded, as are many Java GUI programs. Here are the major settings in which using threads has been founded convenient and/or efficient:
• Programs with asynchronous events:
Here the program must be ready for various events, but does not know the order in which they might occur. For example, in Sections 3.1 and 3.2, we have a network server connected to several clients. The server does not know from which client the next message will arrive. So, we have the server create a separate thread for each client, with each thread handling only its client.
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This book is concerned with concepts in programming languages, issues in their implementation, and how language design affects program development. It is aimed at upper-level undergraduate students and beginning graduate students with some experience in procedural and OO programming. Functional programming experience is claimed to be helpful but non-essential. As a teaching text, it competes with a similarly-named book by Sebesta, a book by (Wilson and) Clark, and others.
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As weird as it might sound, you are reading a book that was born almost accidentally. When we began to work on this material, we weren’t even thinking of writing a book. Our initial, quite unpretentious goal was to define a list of guidelines for internal use in Code Architects, the software company we founded in 2002.
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What Are Scripting Languages?
Languages like C and C++ allow a programmer to write code at a very detailed level which has good execution speed (especially in the case of C). But in most applications, execution speed is not important, and in many cases one would prefer to write at a higher level. For example, for text-manipulation applications, the basic unit in C/C++ is a character, while for languages like Perl and Python the basic units are lines of text and words within lines. One can work with lines and words in C/C++, but one must go to greater effort to accomplish the same thing.
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This document is recommended for people who
1) agree that RoboBuilder is not just an expensive toy
2) want to download and use the motion files that are created by and uploaded on the Internet by others
3) want to modify others’ motions and make their own motions
4) want to create a motion file for themselves
5) want to share their own motion files with many others
6) want to learn advanced features of MotionBuilder
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As the desire to deliver rich web content and functionality has increased over the last decade, Rich Internet Application (RIA) technologies have become increasingly powerful. Unfortunately, many of these technologies have been out of reach for many client application developers because of the non-trivial learning curve involved. In addition, with the number of RIA technologies available, where do you even begin? In many cases, there was not a “one size fits all” solution, so RIA development would involve a mix of HTML, JavaScript, Adobe Flash, and perhaps a little AJAX thrown in (just to name a few possibilities).
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