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Scalability of the Microsoft Cluster ServiceAn important argument for the introduction of software managed clusters is that of scale: By constructing the cluster out of commodity compute elements, one can, by simply adding new elements, improve the reliability of the overall system in terms of performance and in availability. The limits to how far such a cluster can be scaled seems to be dependent on the scalability of its management software, which in its core has a collection of distributed algorithms to guarantee the correct operation of the cluster. The complexity of these algorithms makes them a vulnerable component of the system in terms of their impact on the overall scalability of the system.
This paper examines two of the distributed components of the Microsoft Cluster Service that are most likely to have an impact on its scalability: the membership and the global update managers. The first sections of the paper will provide some general background on these distributed services and scalability issues. After that the algorithms used to implement these service are described in detail and an analysis of their impact on scalability is given. The scalability analysis is based on an off-line analysis of the algorithms as well as the results of on-line experiments on a cluster with a, in MSCS terms, large number of nodes.
Download pdf Scalability of the Microsoft Cluster ServiceCryptanalysis of Microsoft's PPTP Authentication ExtensionsThe Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) [HP+97] is a protocol that allows Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connections [Sim94] to be tunneled through an IP network, creating a Virtual Private Network (VPN). Microsoft has implemented its own algorithms and protocols to support PPTP. This implementation of PPTP, called Microsoft PPTP, is used extensively in commercial VPN products precisely because it is already a part of the Microsoft Windows 95, 98, and NT operating systems.
The authentication protocol in Microsoft PPTP is the Microsoft Challenge / Reply Handshake Protocol (MS-CHAP) [ZC98]; the encryption protocol is Microsoft Point to Point Encryption (MPPE) [PZ98]. After Microsoft’s PPTP was cryptanalyzed [SM98] and significant weaknesses were publicized, Microsoft upgraded their protocols [Zor98a, Zor98b, Zor99]. The new version is called MS-CHAP version 2 (MS-CHAPv2); the older version has been renamed as MS-CHAP version 1 (MS-CHAPv1). MS-CHAPv2 is available as an upgrade for Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT 4.0 (DUN 1.3) [Mic98a, Mic98b]. Even though this upgrade is available, we believe that most implementation of PPTP use MS-CHAPv1.
This paper examines MS-CHAPv2 and discusses how well it addresses the security weaknesses outlined in [SM98].
The most significant changes from MS-CHAPv1 to MS-CHAPv2 are:
• The weaker LAN Manager hash is no longer sent along with the stronger Windows NT hash. This is to prevent automatic password crackers like L0phtcrack [L99] from first breaking the weaker LAN Manager hash and then using that information to break the stronger NT hash [L97].
• An authentication scheme for the server has been introduced. This isWeb 2.0: Building Online Communities Using Social Networking TechnologiesOver the past three years, Internet web sites have been evolving into a series of platforms organizing content and communications among individuals and organizations for the purpose of social networking. Sites like MySpace, YouTube and Wikipedia have shifted online activities from “browsing” to collaborating, interacting and personalizing. MySpace boasts over 100 million accounts, YouTube serves an average of 100 million video streams per day and Wikipedia contains over 1.7 million articles in English edited by users from all over the world. As a result, web design and organizational thinking in this new era needs to be more focused on building event-driven experiences, rather than simply designing information silos ammended with numerous hyperlinks. But how do consumers and businesses keep up with these changes and more importantly how do they exploit the new technologies in ways that benefit customers, employees, and even their industry? This issue of Educational Update is designed for that very purpose.
WEB 2.0 Technologies
Web 2.0 is the collection of server-based solutions that have allowed the web to become a publishing platform. Instead of the traditional one-way form of web authoring, these solutions invite all Internet users to share, collaborate, and contribute in the process of website development. Users now have an increased ability to contribute text, bookmarks, photos, audio, videos and more to many different websites. This ease of access to web content alters the way users interact with the new world wide web. Users can now build an online social network where community members contribute content, shareWireless VoIP phone architecture and hardware requirementsWireless VoIP Phone Architecture and Hardware Requirements. All Riaz and H Anthony
Chan. San Jose State University. One Washington Square, San Jose
DownloadUsing Clips Online in Microsoft Office Applications1. From the bottom of the Clip Art task pane, choose Clip art on Office Online
2. Search for a topic in the top box on the right. Use the parameters in pull-down menu on the left to narrow your search. For example, to find only photos you can choose that type to return. You can click on a graphic to see it in a larger size.
3. When you find a graphic you want to save, you can view it in larger format by clicking on the graphic itself. To download the graphic, check the box at the bottom of the graphic.
4. Continue to search on the Microsoft Office ClipArt Online for more graphics (optional).
5. When you are finished selecting graphics, click the Download Items link at the top left of the screen. On the next screen click Download Now, then choose Open this file from its current location.
6. The graphics come into the clip art window. Click and drag the graphic on to your document.
7. You can resize the graphic by clicking the corner square and dragging outward or inward. You can rotate the object by clicking on the green dot on top and dragging it to the right or left. Right-click and choose Format Object to text-wrap it (not available in FrontPage)
8. The graphics will be available to you at any time on that particular computer in your Clip Art gallery.
Download pdf Using Clips Online in Microsoft Office ApplicationsVW / Audi STAR XML Data Exchange Repair Orders Quick ReferenceReynolds and Reynolds activates and sets up your VW/Audi Repair Order Data … transmitting to VW/Audi. If a Repair Order containing both Warranty-pay and
No detail content for this Audi Manual, look the PDF files below..
Download Audi STAR XML Data Exchange Repair Orders Quick Reference Manual PDFThe New Web: Characterizing AJAX TrafficThe rapid advent of “Web 2.0” applications has unleashed new HTTP traffic patterns which differ from the conventional HTTP request-response model. In particular, asynchronous pre-fetching of data in order to provide a smooth web browsing experience and richer HTTP payloads (e.g., Javascript libraries) of Web 2.0 applications induce larger, heavier, and more bursty traffic on the underlying networks. We present a traffic study of Web 2.0 applications including Google Maps, modern Web-email, and social networking Web sites, and compare them with all HTTP traffic. We highlight the key differences of Web 2.0 traffic from traditional HTTP traffic through statistical analysis. As such our work elucidates the changing face of one of the most popular application on the Internet: The World Wide Web.
The World Wide Web [1] is one of the most popular applications of the Internet that runs primarily over the HTTP protocol. While HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) [2] constitutes the session layer or messaging protocol of the Web, the HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) describes the content and allows authors to connect up web pages through hypertext links or hyperlinks; an idea made popular by Tim Burners Lee in the early 1990s and widely used today. In its classical form, users reach other pages or access new data by clicking on hyperlinks or submitting Web based forms. In this basic HTTP request-response model each clicked link or submitted form results in loading of a new web page in response to the respective request.
The recent popularity of asynchronouscommunication enabledArmadillo uClinux-dist Developers Guide ManualThis document covers the following areas of information necessary for using uClinux-dist distributed by uClinux.org. “Kernel and Userland Builds “Customization “Application Development “Particular Applications Unless otherwise specified, the work PC is assumed to run on a Linux-based OS. Under Windows, a Linux environment can easily be constructed using coLinux. For more information on coLinux, refer to http://www.colinux.org/ . We hope the information in this document will help you get the best functionality out of the uClinux-dist. Typographical Conventions
The following typographical conventions are used in this manual. Table 1-1 Typographical Conventions Font Example Description Standard Font Standard Text [PC ~]$ ls Prompt and user input character strings : : Omission of output after command execution. 1.3. Command Input Example Conventions The command input examples contained in this manual are based on the assumed execution environment associated with the respective display prompt. The directory part / will differ depending on the current directory. The home directory of each user is represented by ~ . Table 1-2 Relationship between Display Prompt and Execution Environment Prompt Command Execution Environment [PC /]# To be executed by a privileged user on the work PC [PC /]$ To be executed by a general user on the work PC [Target /]#To be executed by a privileged user on the target board [Target /]$To be executed by a general user on the target board developers guide version 1.1 A Word of Thanks The software used in uClinux-dist is composed of Free Software / Open Source Software. This Free SoftwareHow to enable the GD Library on your Testing ServerMany features that you see on the web require that the GD library be enabled on your PHP server. You may need the GD library if you are attempting to display CAPTCHA graphics somewhere on your site. In a default PHP installation, the GD library should already be enabled. The following How To explains how to determine if the GD library is enabled on your PHP server, and how you might be able to turn this on. What Do You Need to Start?
• PHP Testing Server
Is GD turned on?
You can check to see if the GD library is enabled by creating a simple phpinfo page on your web server.
1. Create a new file called phpinfo.php
2. Open this file in Notepad, or your preferred WYSIWYG editor such as Dreamweaver.
3. Add the following line of code.
4. Save your file within your local web server.
5. Open a web browser such as Firefox or Internet Explorer.
6. In the Address bar, enter the URL to this file.
Typically, on your local testing server, this will be
http://localhost/phpinfo.php.
7. If the GD library is enabled, the resulting page should display the
following section.
Installing GD
Below are a few common examples on how to install GD.
Windows Server users
1. Open your PHP.ini file in Notepad, or your preferred WYSIWYG editor.
This file is normally located in the C:Windows directory.
2. Locate the following line. ;extension=php_gd2.dll
3. Remove the preceding semicolon (;) to enable the option.
4. Save your file.
5. Restart the web server.
Ubuntu Linux users
1. Run the following command to install GD. sudo apt-get install php5-gd
2. RestartProceedings of the Linux SymposiumThis paper will discuss the difficulties and methods involved in debugging the Linux kernel on huge clusters. Intermittent errors that occur once every few years are hard to debug and become a real problem when running across thousands of machines simultaneously. The more we scale clusters, the more reliability becomes critical. Many of the normal debugging luxuries like a serial console or physical access are unavailable. Instead, we need a new strategy for addressing thorny intermittent race conditions. This paper presents the case for a new set of tools that are critical to solve these problems and also very useful in a broader context. It then presents the design for one such tool created from a hybrid of a Google internal tool and the open source LTTng project. Real world case studies are included.
Well established techniques exist for debugging most Linux kernel problems; instrumentation is added, the error is reproduced, and this cycle is repeated until the problem can be identified and fixed. Good access to the machine via tools such as hardware debuggers (ITPs), VGA and serial consoles simplify this process significantly, reducing the number of iterations required. These techniques work well for problems that can be reproduced quickly and produce a clear error such as an oops or kernel panic. However, there are some types of problems that cannot be properly debugged in this fashion as they are:
• Not easily reproducible on demand;
• Only reproducible in a live production environment;
• Occur infrequently, particularly if they occur infrequently on
